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Writer's pictureolivershearman
Nov 125 min read

The Metallic Magic of Magnets: A Teacher's Guide to Magnetic Levitation Trains

Inspire your students to explore the wonders of magnetism and the cutting-edge technology of magnetic levitation trains.


Magnets have fascinated humans for centuries, from the mysterious pull of lodestones in ancient times to the powerful electromagnets that drive modern technology. One of the most exciting applications of magnetism today is the magnetic levitation (maglev) train—a marvel of engineering that hovers above the tracks and speeds passengers to their destinations with remarkable efficiency. This comprehensive guide aims to equip you with the knowledge and resources to bring these subjects to life in your classroom.


In addition to this comprehensive guide I have also made a useful short science article with engaging questions on this topic in both Google and Microsoft form. Also a fully built out research project template also available in Google and Microsoft form too.



Understanding Magnets: The Basics


At the heart of magnetic levitation lies the fundamental principles of magnetism. Magnets are objects that produce a magnetic field—a force field that can attract or repel certain materials, notably iron, nickel, cobalt, and some alloys.


Every magnet has two poles: a north pole and a south pole. Opposite poles attract each other, while like poles repel. This behavior is due to the alignment of microscopic magnetic domains within the material. In ferromagnetic materials, these domains can align uniformly when exposed to a magnetic field, resulting in a net magnetic effect.


A magnetic field is the area around a magnet where magnetic forces are exerted. These fields are invisible but can be represented by field lines that emanate from the north pole and loop back to the south pole. The density of these lines indicates the strength of the magnetic field—the closer the lines, the stronger the field.


Magnetism and electricity are intrinsically linked, a relationship described by the field of electromagnetism. When electric current flows through a wire, it generates a magnetic field around it. This principle allows us to create electromagnets, where coiling a wire and passing a current through it produces a controllable magnetic field. Electromagnets are fundamental in numerous technologies, including maglev trains.


Magnetic Levitation Trains: Merging Science with Transportation


Magnetic levitation trains represent a significant advancement in transportation technology, utilizing the principles of magnetism to achieve high-speed travel with minimal friction.



Maglev trains are vehicles that use magnetic forces to levitate above the tracks, eliminating the friction that typically occurs between wheels and rails. This lack of contact allows for smoother rides and the potential for higher speeds compared to traditional trains.


There are two primary types of maglev technology:


1. Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS): This system uses electromagnets on the train that are attracted to ferromagnetic rails. The electromagnets are controlled to maintain a small gap between the train and the track, typically about 10 millimeters. Sensors and feedback mechanisms ensure the train remains levitated and stable.


2. Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS): EDS systems use superconducting magnets or strong permanent magnets on the train and conductive coils on the tracks. When the train moves, it induces currents in the coils, which create magnetic fields that repel the magnets on the train, causing it to levitate. EDS systems require the train to be moving at a minimum speed to achieve levitation.


Maglev trains are propelled by a linear motor system, which creates a moving magnetic field along the tracks. This field interacts with magnets on the train to push and pull it forward. Guidance is also managed magnetically, keeping the train centered over the tracks without physical contact.


The Evolution of Maglev Technology


The concept of magnetic levitation dates back to the early 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, inventors like Emile Bachelet and Hermann Kemper envisioned transportation systems using magnetic forces. Kemper, a German engineer, received a patent in 1934 for his design of a magnetic levitation train.


Significant advancements occurred in the latter half of the 20th century. In the 1960s and 1970s, both Japan and Germany developed prototypes of maglev trains. Japan focused on superconducting magnets (EDS technology), while Germany developed the Transrapid system using EMS technology.


The first commercial maglev train opened in 1984 in Birmingham, England, as a shuttle service, though it operated at low speeds. The most notable commercial maglev line today is the Shanghai Maglev Train in China, which began operation in 2004. It connects Shanghai Pudong International Airport with the city's outskirts, reaching speeds up to 431 km/h (268 mph).


Advancements continue with projects like Japan's Chuo Shinkansen, an EDS maglev line under construction that aims to connect Tokyo and Nagoya by 2027, with speeds up to 500 km/h (311 mph). Research focuses on improving efficiency, reducing costs, and expanding maglev technology's applicability.


While maglev trains are not yet widespread, their presence is growing due to their potential benefits in speed, efficiency, and environmental impact.


Current Operations


-China: In addition to the Shanghai Maglev, China is developing other maglev lines and has conducted successful tests of maglev trains capable of reaching 600 km/h (373 mph).

-Japan: Test tracks have been operational for years, with plans to expand maglev lines commercially.


-South Korea: The Incheon Airport Maglev opened in 2016, serving as a demonstration line.



Interest in maglev technology is global, with projects proposed or under consideration in countries like the United States, Germany, and India. Challenges remain in terms of high infrastructure costs and the need for specialized tracks, but ongoing research aims to address these issues.


Teaching Magnets and Maglev Trains: Tips for Educators


Bringing the world of magnets and maglev trains into the classroom can captivate students' imaginations and foster a deeper understanding of physics and engineering principles.


Possible Hands-On Experiments


-Magnetic Fields Visualization: Use iron filings and bar magnets to show magnetic field lines. This visual representation helps students grasp the invisible forces at play.

-Electromagnet Creation: Have students create simple electromagnets using batteries, wires, and iron nails. This experiment demonstrates how electricity can produce magnetism.


Interactive Models


-Maglev Train Demonstrations: Build a basic maglev train model using magnets and a track. Kits are available that allow students to see levitation in action.

-Levitation Experiments: Explore diamagnetic levitation using materials like graphite or bismuth to levitate small magnets.


Cross-Disciplinary Connections


-History and Innovation: Discuss the historical development of magnets and maglev technology, highlighting the contributions of scientists and engineers over time.

-Environmental Impact: Explore how maglev trains could reduce carbon emissions and contribute to sustainable transportation solutions.


In conclusion, the study of magnets and magnetic levitation trains offers a rich opportunity to engage students with fundamental scientific principles and cutting-edge technology. By exploring how magnets work and how maglev trains utilize these principles to revolutionize transportation, students can appreciate the practical applications of physics in solving real-world problems.


Thank you for reading

Cheers and stay curious

Oliver - The Teaching Astrophysicist


For additional resources and classroom materials on magnets and magnetic levitation trains, please explore the links provided below.


Further Resources:


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